Archive for October 2006
Pfizer Assists World Health Organization with Drug Discovery
On Oct. 26th Pfizer announced that it was going to give some researchers access to its compound library to search for targets that might lead to anti-parasitic medicines. Pfizer will also share cutting edge/industry methods for drug discovery for some of these disease catagories: malaria, leishmaniasis, African trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis and Chagas’ disease. As far as I know this is one of the first times a major pharma company has opened up its compound library. You can read the full story here or here.
You can also reader further about strategies for developing drugs for neglected diseases in this article published last year.
ICT and Global Health:Text Messaging for Safe Water
This story was found on a fantastic website: WorldChanging –“Cell phone ring tones are now music to the ears of the 35 million Bangladeshis at risk for numerous cancers and debilitating impairments from groundwater tainted with arsenic… colleagues at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University are working to reduce the exposure to arsenic through their development of an SMS… A pilot project incorporated data from 300,000 wells into the Welltracker database, which reports for each village the number of wells tested, the proportion of unsafe wells and, when available, the start depth together with an estimate of the probability that the estimate is correct. “ The information is well laid out along with video at WorldChanging, check it out.
From the Columbia University website:
“Welltracker helps people in rural Bangladesh avoid arsenic poisoning occurring naturally in about 50% of private tube wells. Despite warnings from the government, many villagers cannot afford to dig tube wells deeper than 40ft. They continue to install shallow tube wells at a fast pace…Welltracker makes safe tube wells more affordable. Instead of the typical 800ft depth of a deep tube well, we use mathematics and statistics to find shallower safe depths. We encourage communities to invest in deep tube wells together. Our intention is to help set up an independent organization that provides loans and secures well investment with a money-back arsenic-free guarantee.”
Safe Water Technology: PUR by Proctor & Gamble
As alluded to in an earlier post, safe drinking water and water availablity are enormous issues.
“Well over 2 billion people drink sewage contaminated water”– Dr. Steve Luby, CDC. And you can see from the graph that availabilty is decresasing in dramatic fashion. This month the World Business Council for Sustainable Development updated their case studies for water related issues. They released what looks to be quite a decent report here. Also the new case study on water is a point of use water solution by Procter & Gamble (P&G) which you can find here along with other case studies.
The P&G approach uses a “point of use” solution meaning that this may have “advantages of cost, immediate availability and ease of distribution to reach rural areas.” When I first saw this my first reaction from the WBC for Sustainable Business was how sustainable is this? What is the mechanism for distribution and what are the long term plans. It looks like, in conjunction with NGO partners, they are going to try three different approaches:
1. A social model led by non-profit organizations
2. A commercial model led by the private sector
3. An emergency relief model led by relief organization
I hope these approaches are in different areas or the models may cannibalize each others markets and incentives for private sector buying. Giving something away for free is not necessarily a good thing, it prevents local entrepreneurs from developing small businesses and hence potential long term sustainability. This is not always the case, but it is something to be aware of.
So what is the PUR SOLUTION? The technological innovation here is a detergent like mixture from Procter & Gamble. “PUR acts like a dirt magnate it, it pulls the dirt out of the water and removes the bacteria, viruses and the parasites and leaves behind clear, safe, drinkable water” – P&G. (quotes from this 1 min video). You can view the short video or you can see below a diagram of how it works:
In conjunction with this case study, last month there was a press release indicating Procter and Gamble’s committment to this area. “P&G committed to providing 35 million liters of safe drinking water to more than 1 million children… As part of this announcement, P&G has committed to provide $3.8 million to a variety of partners in order to provide safe drinking water in Africa.” Full press release here.
In a future post we will cover sustainable point of use water technologies being developed by folks at UC Berkeley to give a different perspective.
USAID, “Last Mile” ICT Initiative
Global health tasks can be conceptually divided into research, disease surveillance, health education, and health programs. In much of the developing world populations are quickly connecting to telecommunication networks via mobile phone systems. As new wireless systems come online, there is great potential to expand current global health activities. There are difficulties, however, in building the “last mile” of communications systems. To help bridge that information and communication technology (ICT) divide, USAID has funded engineering research through the Last Mile Initiative. The effort was recently profiled on the Development Gateway.
In the fall of 2005, under the supervision of Principal Investigator, Dr. Michael Best, thirteen students from the Georgia Institute of Technology came together as USAID Last Mile ICT Initiative (LMI) Innovation Fellows. This activity took place within the framework of USAID’s Last Mile Innovation Committee managed by dot-ORG. The students’ job was to provide fresh and dynamic new perspectives into LMI programs in Africa, S.E. Europe, and Latin America. These student research fellows came from every major discipline represented at Georgia Tech, including International Affairs, Computer Science, Industrial Engineering, Engineering Psychology, Mechanical Engineering, and Industrial Design. The results of these activities are contained in a volume titled “Last Mile Initiative Innovations: Research Findings from the Georgia Institute of Technology”
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Intel’s Committment to Global Health
Two weeks ago I was lucky enough to attend the Digital Healthcare Conference being sponsored by Intel. This conference was about the role of IT reshaping healthcare in the US and so you could imagine my surprise when Doug Busch, Intel VP and CTO of the Digital Health Group, introduced his excellent talk with reference to Intel projects in the Amazon. While only 10% of his talk was on global health and development, he also closed with more references to this project. I thought it was a big deal to have an intro and a conclusion both focused on global health for an audience that was there for commerical US based IT products.
I had known about Intel’s supposed committment to global health with the formation of the new Digital Health Group last year, however I was skeptical. My skepticism of their intent was erased at this industry and domestically focused conference.
You can learn more about Intel’s “World Ahead” Program here. Further, their committment is indicated in their healthcare policy proposal #3. Finally an Intel news release last month on the Amazon project has some information on their healthcare projects.
In future posts we plan to discuss other IT corporations involvement in global health and the mixed results that have been prodcued. Intel seems to have joined the game later than the others and this may be a good thing. More to come…
UPDATE – the IFC Blog on emerging markets has an additional take on Intel’s purpose.
The Power of Image in Public Health Education: China 1930-2004
“A declaration of a war on SARS using a 1960s image”
In the realm of ICT (information and communciation technology) we have a current tendency to focus on the internet and mobile phone technology. Yesterday, while I was at the NIH campus, I was reminded of the powerful use of another form of ICTs – posters and poster advertisements. The NIH has a collection of over 7000 posters documenting public health and Chinese society from 1930s to SARS.
A visiting scholar (Dr. Liping Bu) in charge of this project discusses the importance of tactics for reaching people on a mass scale: “Say you have a public health problem whose scale is vast: a population of 500 million, with 90% living in the countryside, where the literacy rate is 5% and life expectancy is 35 years. Malnutrition is stark. Disease and mortality rates are atrocious – millions of cases of cholera, smallpox, typhoid, malaria, TB and schistosomiasis. Meanwhile, the country is emerging from decades of conflict, foreign invasion and civil war. This was China, 1949…Later in 1965 85-90% of the population lived in rural areas and 80% of health care workers lived in cities. A massive public health campaign was born that included ‘barefoot doctors’…While only 40% of barefoot doctors were women, a female was used as the public image which helped advance the idea of women as workers of equal status with men…the posters have played a key role in educating the public” The NIH poster collection can be found here.
“In 1965, a massive public health campaign used posters touting barefoot doctors”
“Posters have been a powerful force in shaping public opinion because propagandists have long known that visual impressions are extremely strong. People may forget a newspaper article but most remember a picture… The main objective of posters…is to influence attitudes…to alter the consciousness of the public to bring about an improvement in health practices.”- William H. Helfand, National Library of Medicine.
Cheap drug to make childbirth safer in poor countries – India randomized trial
A Berkeley-based NGO, Venture Strategies for Health and Development, is working to win developing countries’ regulatory approval for use of misoprostol in treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Nigeria and Ethiopia are two early adopters of the technology. The report below underscores the drug’s efficacy in settings where other drugs simply cannot reach. Misoprostol is heat stable, easy to administer, and safe at a wide range of doses.
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Cheap drug to make childbirth safer in poor countries
October 2006, ScidevNet
The abortion drug misoprostol can be used to help save the lives of women who bleed heavily after giving birth, say researchers. The condition is a major killer of women in developing countries.
The results of a clinical trial in rural India published today (6 October) in The Lancet indicate that misoprostol reduced the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage by almost half. Death due to postpartum haemorrhage accounts for almost 30 per cent of maternal deaths in India, where nearly half of all births take place in the home or in facilities without a trained gynaecologist or obstetrician in attendance.
“The researchers showed that giving women misoprostol after birth is a safe, inexpensive means of preventing postpartum haemorrhage from occurring”. “This advance has the potential to save thousands of lives each year.” The researchers say it is “currently the only available pharmacological option for preventing postpartum haemorrhage and reducing postpartum blood loss in these communities”.
A major concern is the potential for the misuse of misoprostol. The drug is available, although illegally, as an over-the-counter pill. Approved for use in India in 2002, it is only supposed to be
taken under medical supervision, yet it is sold in several pharmacies.
Link to full paper in The Lancet
Reference: The Lancet 368, 9543 (2006)
Jay Z, MTV and UN Join Forces for New Clean Water Campaign
The scope of people engaing today in the global health battle is unprecedented. In this case, pop figures have the potential to have a huge impact on awareness and involvment in global health. Again while this is not a direct innovation or technology I felt it noteworthy enough to include here because Jay Z is focused on solutions to the water crisis. Some of you might not agree with Shawn Carter’s (Jay Z) politics or lyrics, but this will be interesting. Something like this provides free education, free marketing and hopefully increases action. I read about this a couple of months ago, but the MTV piece – The Diary of Jay-Z: Water for Life – will air next month – SPREAD THE WORD!!
“Jay Z will be appearing in a new documentary where the multi-platinum rapper witnesses first hand the impact of the global water crisis.”
A great website by MTV on the water crisis.
“More than one billion people lack access to safe drinking water, according to statistics, and water related diseases are the leading cause of death – constituting 80% of the world’s sicknesses. “
“In the beginning when I was going out on a world tour I was going out to play music in places that I haven’t played. I said to myself ‘I can’t go to these places that I haven’t been and not go out and see the people.’ The people that have been touched by my music for over ten years and the culture, what’s going on in these areas,” Jay told the press. “From that morphed, ‘well I’m not just gon’ go and do rap songs. I wanna touch, and maybe help, and see what I can do in these areas.’ As I start looking around me, looking at things in ways that I can become helpful, starting at the first thing, water. Something as simple as water.”
“I’m very pleased to announce today, a groundbreaking collaboration between the United Nations, MTV, [and] Jay-Z to raise awareness about the world’s water crisis,” Annan offered. “Jay-Z with his enormous influence will inspire young people everywhere to care and join in the search for solutions for our water crisis.” From SOHH…
Groundbreaking Study on Market for TB Vaccines
I did not read the full report and based on the press release I am not sure how “groundbreaking” this study really is. I guess for the time being we will have to take their word for it. Either way its great they have (hopefully) demonstrated an investment case for vaccines and global health:
“WASHINGTON, October 20, 2006 — According to a groundbreaking study released today by BIO Ventures for Global Health (BVGH), a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis presents a significant opportunity for industry investment with a potential global market of US $450 million to nearly $1 billion.
The first study of its kind, Tuberculosis Vaccines: The Case for Investment analyzes the demand for a tuberculosis vaccine and the potential return on industry investment, while demonstrating that a new TB vaccine would have tremendous public health impact.
“Every year, tuberculosis kills more than 2 million people and approximately 8 million new cases develop…TB vaccines could reduce deaths by as much as 62 percent…’This study is a key achievement in the field. BVGH confirms that pursuing solutions to global health challenges is not only good business but a compelling opportunity to save millions of lives…Industry’s expertise is invaluable in our work to make an effective and affordable vaccine for TB a reality. We hope that this study encourages more companies to get involved in the fight against tuberculosis.”
Full story here.
Investment Innovation for Buying Needed Vaccines
This is a good example of the public banking sector using financial capital schemes to aid global health. Its great to see others invovled because the traditional public health community would not think of this or have access to capital in such a way:
“Six European countries plan to raise up to $1 billion in the international bond markets next week to buy life-saving vaccines for millions of children in the world’s poorest countries…”
Credit for this information goes to the fellow at Pienso, where you can read more.
In India: Power of Mobile Phones
This recent Wharton newsletter reinforces the power of mobile phones. We can see why mobile phones have had such a large impact on developing countries. Also the application to healthcare/global health has potential:
A good interview with NetCore CEO Rajesh Jain in the “Knowledge @ Wharton” e-newsletter reinforces the relative size of the mobile internet market relative to the PC users.
In India some 10 million people have access to a PC either at home, or at work, or both…That’s only for 10 million people at the top of the digital pyramid. This is the “PC first” segment.
In the middle of the pyramid are 30 million people who access the Internet through cybercafés. The price point today hovers around 15-20 rupees [35-45 U.S. cents] an hour. But you cannot build your digital life around cybercafés… That is where the mobile phone comes in. It is a device that these people have with them all the time — This is the “mobiles first” segment.
At the bottom of the pyramid are about 70 million people who have mobile phones but who have no access to computers, mostly for economic reasons. For them, the mobile phone is their primary device to connect to the world. This segment uses pre-paid mobile services; this is the “mobiles only” segment, and it is growing rapidly.
Proven Success in Global Health: Diarrhea Case Study
One of the first books to take a solutions oriented approach to global health was published last year. Millions Saved is wonderful book documenting success in public health. Considering the previous post on the TIME magazine cover story I thought it would be good to discuss what works. I highly recommend this book:
“Millions Saved: Proven Success in Global Health is about part of that success story: 17 cases in which large-scale efforts to improve health in developing countries have succeeded – saving millions of lives and preserving the livelihoods and social fabric of entire communities.”
SUCCESS STORY
“In 1977, diarrheal diseases among children was identified as the cause of at least half of all infant deaths in Egypt.”
“Intervention or Program: The National Control of Diarrheal Disease Project of Egypt was established to promote the use of locally manufactured oral rehydration salts, which reverse the course of dehydration. The program sought to distribute the salts, along with information about the appropriate treatment of children with diarrhea, through public and private channels. The program reached mothers through mass media, including television.”
“Impact: The program succeeded in increasing the production of oral rehydration salts, increasing mother’s correct use of these salts, and changing feeding behavior.”
Full case here. Enjoy.
Time Cover Story: Diarrhea is Not Sexy Enough
This is a good article on diarrhea that just came out today in Time Europe (cover story), not sure why Time USA is not covering it. While there is a cheap and easy “low tech” solution this article discusses the problems plaguing this issue that is similar to many others – lack of education, attention, potentially misguided priorities & infrastructure:
“A Simple Solution –
Diarrhea kills more young children around the world than malaria, AIDS and TB combined. Yet a simple and inexpensive treatment can prevent many of those deaths. The treatment is a simple mixture of salt, sugar and water. So why isn’t more being done to fight diarrhea?”
From the middle of the article:
Diseases that have high profiles and vocal activists — such as aids, tuberculosis and malaria — attract far more interest and money from big donors and governments, based partly on the mistaken belief that they kill the most children. Celebrities don’t host concerts to fight diarrhea. Of 29 child-health specialists at major international development agencies surveyed by the Rotavirus Vaccine Program — a charity based in Seattle, Washington — 40% named aids, tuberculosis and malaria as the three greatest childhood killers. In reality, the top three are pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria. “This problem isn’t getting the attention it deserves…”
“Many family members don’t know how to prepare a life-saving remedy that can be assembled for just a few pennies: a large pinch of salt and a fistful of sugar dissolved in a jug of clean water, the simplest recipe for oral rehydration solution. “To save the life of a person with diarrhea is probably the cheapest health intervention you can think of…”
Read the article here.
Causes of Death (under age 5, source WHO)
Mobiles ‘to help track diseases’
The BBC reported today that mobile phone technology is being developed to help manage the spread of diseases such as HIV and bird flu.
“The software is designed to allow field workers using handsets to send and receive data on disease outbreak along with patient and drug information.”
“When a disease is spreading rapidly, health authorities need information that is bang-up-to-date“
“This means a doctor working in the field can send information to a central database about how many people are affected by a disease, patient status, drug inventory levels and receive information such as alerts, treatment guidelines or lab test results…The efforts of the international health community to control pandemics, by getting life-saving drugs to those in need, depend heavily on a comprehensive and accurate picture of what is happening on the ground.”
e-Health Asia Conference
Here is an upcoming conference part of larger one dedicated to various ICT issues. “There is a significant action, which is taking place in the sphere of e-Health globally …to fully harness the benefits available through convergence of the Internet and health care… There is a lot more which can be done in the health sector for providing better health care and services, especially for the poor communities.” I picked this up from the I-Quench site. ABSTRACT DEADLINE: Nov 2006
Low Tech Innovation for Maternal Deaths: Life Wrap
“A simple, $150 device can save the lives of thousands of women around the world who are at risk from dying during childbirth. Suellen Miller explains the ‘life wrap’, which looks like a wet suit, and tells us how it can save lives.” Mother Jones Radio recently covered this story (begins at the 11:11 minute mark).
From the broadcast: “25-60% of death related to pregnancy is due to hemorrage…and 85% of women in poor countries deliver at home” meaning some of these women could die within 2 hours if they start hemoragging (the #1 cause of maternal mortality in US) but they are often times 2 days journey away from a hospital. According to the broadcast, in the past thirty years until now there has been no improvement made in maternal mortality, but this could provide a major solution. The Life Wrap device is now in trials.
The price of the suit is expected to come down dramatically. The suit can be used up to 50 times which at current prices is $2-$3 per usage. I encourage you to read more here and here.
Study Defines Effective Microbicide Design for HIV/AIDS Prevention
Microbicide development is interesting for many many reasons (novel therapeutic, targeting women, development is via public-private partnerships, etc.). We would definitely like to post more about Microbocides considering their importance and potential revolutionary power. Here is a start:
September 29, 2006
Duke University biomedical engineers have developed a computer tool they say could lead to improvements in topical microbicides being developed for women to use to prevent infection by the virus that causes AIDS. By applying fundamentals of physics and chemistry, the researchers developed a computer model that can predict the effectiveness of various microbicidal recipes in destroying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) before it reaches vulnerable body tissues.
The HIV pandemic continues to overwhelm current preventative measures as an estimated 12,000 people contract the infection each day, the researchers said. Increasingly, a disproportionate number of women are becoming infected…
“In many cases, women lack control over their abilities to protect themselves against the virus,” Katz said. “Microbicide development is a response to the demonstrated need for new female-controlled methods for HIV prophylaxis.”
High Speed Internet2 Revolutionizes Global Medical Education
Sept. 28, 2006
— High-tech Web connection beams Hopkins medical experts across the globe in seconds
Imagine Johns Hopkins faculty members performing microsurgery in Tanzania from a computer terminal in a Baltimore operating room, or health care experts in Vietnam presenting an avian influenza patient to medical students gathered in the Hopkins outpatient center. These are some of the possible applications of a high-tech Internet communication system that will be used for the first time next week to link Johns Hopkins faculty with clinicians in India.
Internet2 is a high-speed, high-bandwidth, dedicated Internet network developed in 1996… On Tuesday, Oct. 3, Johns Hopkins faculty members will use this technology to conduct an interactive clinical education program on HIV/AIDS, with leading health care professionals in India.
“This is a major advancement in global medical education,” says Robert C. Bollinger M.D., M.P.H., professor of infectious diseases at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and director of the Center for Clinical Global Health Education. “This technology will allow us to bring Hopkins’ expertise in clinical education to some of the most resource-limited settings in the world, and it will give Hopkins the opportunity to learn from experts in the field, thousands of miles away…You could never perform these procedures with a standard connection,” says Bollinger.
Read more here…
I found this on story on a site that is a great resource for ICT, Health & India
Shopping for Global Health
Oprah, Bono Fight AIDS With Shopping
Thursday October 12, 2006
Oprah Winfrey, Bono Promote New Clothing Line and IPod to Fight AIDS in Africa
CHICAGO (AP) — Dozens of “(Product) Red” items will go on sale in the coming weeks by Gap Inc., Apple Computer Inc., Motorola Inc., Converse Inc. and Emporio Armani. Portions of the product sales will go to The Global Fund, an organization that fights AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
“Some people won’t put on marching boots, so we’ve got to get to people where they are at, and they’re in the shopping malls,” Bono said in a phone interview. “Now you’re buying jeans and T-shirts, and you’re paying for 10 women in Africa to get medication for their children with HIV.” “We’ve moved from the philanthropy budgets to the marketing budgets, and guess what, there’s no comparison in size,” Bono said. “We now have some of the most creative people in commerce — Steve Jobs, the marketing people at Gap and Motorola — all working for the world’s poor. That is so so cool.”http://www.joinred.com
Oct. 29th NYC: Global Health Summit on Innovation
OCT 29th, NYC. This is a great thing to get young people mobilized and to capture their ideas:
“The NYU Global Health Review and Americans for Informed Democracy are hosting a Young Leaders Summit on Global Health with the theme: “Innovative Solutions to Healthcare in Low Resource Settings.” The summit will be a forum for discussions on the healthcare crises such as the AIDS pandemic that impact the developing world and indigent areas of the developed world, innovative options for alleviating these crises, and the manner in which sustainable infrastructure can be built for long-term healthcare improvement.”
Motorola Introduces Dirt-Cheap Cell Phone For Developing Countries
“The handsets, wholesale-priced at under $30, are targeted for markets such as India, South Africa, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines, and Yemen…To get below US$30 per handset is a milestone achievement…and will bring the benefits of mobile communications to a huge swathe of people in developing countries.”
Dramatic cell phone growth has occured over the past decade (graph from MIT). For those in the public health realm who are unaware of the tremendous impact of mobile phones across the world, it’s worthwhile considering the following two facts – there are now 2.5 billion mobile phone connections and 59% of mobile phone users are now in developing countries. Already people are trying to use this ICT (information and communication technology) for various health related reasons (medication reminders, data entry and transmission, pandemic tracking, etc.). ICTs (e.g. internet, phones, radios, etc) will have a profound impact on global health. I picked up this story from NEXTBILLION.NET (here and here). Also tipped off from next billion, you can read more about Africa and mobile phones here.
Healthcare Information For All by 2015
Healthcare Information For All by 2015: HIFA2015 email forum launches today. HIFA2015 is a new global email discussion group with an ambitious but achievable goal: ‘By 2015, every person worldwide will have access to an informed healthcare provider.
The group will provide a neutral discussion space for all those with an interest in the creation, exchange and use of relevant, practical healthcare information for family carers, primary health workers, and district-level healthcare providers in developing and transitional countries.
This will launch formally in Mombasa, Kenya, on 26th October 2006, at the 10th Congress of the Association for Health Information and Libraries in Africa. For further details, see this.
YouTube & Global Poverty: Is the UN getting HIP to internet marketing?
I have surprisingly seen little coverage on the UN’s latest marketing tactic. I heard on “On The Money” (CNBC financial show) of all places that the UN has taken “celebrity” power + argubaly the hotest website (YouTube) to reach people about global poverty. With 34 million visitors per month, this link to YouTube is surprisingly saavy. LINK TO VIDEO…
The UN has teamed up with one of the most recently watched controversial posters who has been all over the news (Lonelygirl15) on YouTube to deliver their “Stand Up” against poverty campaign. The only mention of this comes from a CNET.com news blog referencing the WSJ article today:
WSJ 10/9/07 “U.N. Enlists Internet Star for Antipoverty Pitch”
“The U.N. has enlisted the star of hugely popular Web video series LonelyGirl15 and other Web video makers to participate in an ad campaign promoting an antipoverty event it plans Sunday…
The U.N. hopes the videos will spark buzz about its call for people around the world to “stand up against poverty” at rallies and other events planned for a 24-hour period Sunday. The online videos are part of a broader ad campaign, designed by WPP Group‘s ad agency Y&R, also involving television.”
I have seen a few other organizations engage in this type of social marketing, but global health advocates should take note of tools like this to spread their messages.
Safe Water Website
Recently Kenneth Behring (through his foundation) donated almost $650,000 to develop a website on the importance of safe drinking water by 2007. Behring, a real estate mogul and former owner of the Seattle Seahawks, has donated over $120 million to various causes including the Smithsonian, The Wheelchair Foundation and other water related causes. Thie purpose of water website effort is to:
“develop a web-based resource to inform decision makers around the world about the importance of safe drinking water — and what they can do to meet this need. ‘Safe water is essential for health, yet remains one of the most critical problems facing the world today,’ said Behring. “One out of every five people lacks access to clean drinking water. We must create innovative, sustainable approaches that can make a significant impact on the world’s water crisis.” Read more here.
I am not clear on what this website will do, how it will be promoted and how such a critical message will be spread. I guess we will see what happens next year. Issues surrounding water are incredibly important/dire and we plan to post more on technology and innovation in this area.
Global Health Ideas 
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